{"id":23343,"date":"2026-08-21T18:00:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-21T16:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aminogram.com\/?page_id=23343"},"modified":"2026-08-21T21:24:26","modified_gmt":"2026-08-21T19:24:26","slug":"international-clinical-practice-guidelines-mentioning-the-use-of-bia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aminogram.com\/en\/international-clinical-practice-guidelines-mentioning-the-use-of-bia\/","title":{"rendered":"INTERNATIONAL CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES MENTIONING THE USE OF BIA"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"23343\" class=\"elementor elementor-23343 elementor-23316\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ce63d1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8ce63d1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-187955b e-con-full table-wrapp e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"187955b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a801e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7a801e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"breadcrumbs\" class=\"rank-math-breadcrumb\">\r\n  <p>\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/aminogram.com\/en\/\" aria-label=\"Go to home page\"\r\n      ><i class=\"fas fa-home\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i\r\n      ><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Home<\/span><\/a\r\n    ><span class=\"separator\"> | <\/span\r\n    ><a href=\"https:\/\/aminogram.com\/en\/category\/publications-en\/\">Publications<\/a\r\n    ><span class=\"separator\"> | <\/span\r\n    ><span class=\"last\"\r\n      >International clinical practice guidelines mentioning the use of bia<\/span\r\n    >\r\n  <\/p>\r\n<\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00ab8f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"00ab8f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table>\r\n  <thead>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"col\">Learned society \/ Issuing body<\/th>\r\n      <th scope=\"col\">Title of the good clinical practice recommendation<\/th>\r\n      <th scope=\"col\">Year of publication<\/th>\r\n      <th scope=\"col\">Journal \/ Source of publication<\/th>\r\n      <th scope=\"col\">Bioelectrical impedance analysis parameters mentioned<\/th>\r\n      <th scope=\"col\">Diagnostic utility<\/th>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/thead>\r\n  <tbody>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\" rowspan=\"6\">\r\n        GLIM (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition)\r\n      <\/th>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">\r\n        GLIM consensus approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: a 5-year update\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref5\">5<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">2025<\/td>\r\n      <td>Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (JPEN)<\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">ASMI<br \/>FFMI<\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">Malnutrition<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>Clinical Nutrition<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">\r\n        GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition: A consensus report from\r\n        the global clinical nutrition community <sup><a href=\"#ref3\">3<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">2019<\/td>\r\n      <td>Clinical Nutrition<\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">ASMI<br \/>FFMI<\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">Malnutrition<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">\r\n        Guidance for assessment of the muscle mass phenotypic criterion for the\r\n        Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition diagnosis of malnutrition\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref4\">4<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">2022<\/td>\r\n      <td>Clinical Nutrition<\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">ASMI<br \/>FFMI<\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">Malnutrition<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (JPEN)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\" rowspan=\"2\">\r\n        International expert group on body composition\r\n      <\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Methodological standards for body composition \u2014 an expert-endorsed guide\r\n        for research and clinical applications: levels, models, and terminology\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref16\">16<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2025<\/td>\r\n      <td>AJCN<\/td>\r\n      <td>Multiple parameters (body composition models and levels)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Body composition (methodological reference)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Methodological standards for body composition assessment \u2014 an\r\n        expert-endorsed guide for research and clinical applications:\r\n        bioimpedance, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computerized tomography,\r\n        and ultrasound methods <sup><a href=\"#ref17\">17<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2026<\/td>\r\n      <td>AJCN<\/td>\r\n      <td>Multiple parameters (validity of BIA and other methods)<\/td>\r\n      <td>Body composition (methodological reference)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\" rowspan=\"5\">\r\n        ESPEN (European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism)\r\n      <\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Bioelectrical impedance analysis \u2014 part I: review of principles and\r\n        methods <sup><a href=\"#ref1\">1<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2004<\/td>\r\n      <td>Clinical Nutrition<\/td>\r\n      <td>Multiple parameters<\/td>\r\n      <td>Body composition (methodological reference)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Bioelectrical impedance analysis \u2014 part II: utilization in clinical\r\n        practice <sup><a href=\"#ref2\">2<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2004<\/td>\r\n      <td>Clinical Nutrition<\/td>\r\n      <td>Multiple parameters<\/td>\r\n      <td>Body composition (methodological reference)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition \u2013 ESPEN Consensus Statement\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref6\">6<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2015<\/td>\r\n      <td>Clinical Nutrition<\/td>\r\n      <td>FFMI<\/td>\r\n      <td>Malnutrition<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>\r\n        ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref7\">7<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2017<\/td>\r\n      <td>Clinical Nutrition<\/td>\r\n      <td>FFMI<br \/>ASMI<\/td>\r\n      <td>Malnutrition<br \/>Sarcopenia<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>\r\n        ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref8\">8<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2017<\/td>\r\n      <td>Clinical Nutrition<\/td>\r\n      <td>ASMI<\/td>\r\n      <td>Malnutrition<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\">\r\n        EWGSOP2 (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2)\r\n      <\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref22\">22<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2019<\/td>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Age and Ageing (Oxford University Press, on behalf of the British\r\n        Geriatrics Society)\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>ASMM<br \/>ASMI<\/td>\r\n      <td>Sarcopenia<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\" rowspan=\"2\">ESPEN and EASO<\/th>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">\r\n        Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity: ESPEN and\r\n        EASO Consensus Statement <sup><a href=\"#ref9\">9<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">2022<\/td>\r\n      <td>Clinical Nutrition<\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">FM %<br \/>SMM\/W<\/td>\r\n      <td rowspan=\"2\">Sarcopenic obesity<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>Obesity Facts<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\">ERS (European Respiratory Society)<\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD \u2013 a European Respiratory\r\n        Society statement <sup><a href=\"#ref11\">11<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2014<\/td>\r\n      <td>European Respiratory Journal<\/td>\r\n      <td>Multiple parameters<\/td>\r\n      <td>Malnutrition (COPD)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\" rowspan=\"2\">\r\n        AND (Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics)\r\n      <\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: 2020 Cystic Fibrosis Evidence\r\n        Analysis Center Evidence Based Nutrition Practice Guideline\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref12\">12<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2020<\/td>\r\n      <td>Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<\/td>\r\n      <td>Multiple parameters<\/td>\r\n      <td>Malnutrition (cystic fibrosis)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Practice Paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Nutrition\r\n        Intervention and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref13\">13<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2018<\/td>\r\n      <td>Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics<\/td>\r\n      <td>Multiple parameters<\/td>\r\n      <td>Malnutrition (HIV)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\">\r\n        ASPEN (American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition)\r\n      <\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        The Validity of Body Composition Assessment in Clinical Populations\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref10\">10<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2019<\/td>\r\n      <td>JPEN<\/td>\r\n      <td>Multiple parameters<\/td>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Body composition (methodological validity in clinical populations)\r\n      <\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\">China<\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Clinical practice guidelines for nutritional assessment and monitoring\r\n        of adult ICU patients <sup><a href=\"#ref14\">14<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2024<\/td>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Journal of Intensive Medicine (Elsevier, on behalf of the Chinese\r\n        Medical Association)\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>SMM<\/td>\r\n      <td>Intensive care (malnutrition in critical care)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\">South Korea<\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for the Assessment of\r\n        Nutritional Status in Critically Ill Patients\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref15\">15<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2015<\/td>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Clinical Nutrition Research (The Korean Society of Clinical Nutrition)\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>PhA<br \/>ECW\/TBW<\/td>\r\n      <td>Intensive care (malnutrition in critical care)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\" rowspan=\"3\">\r\n        HAS-FFN (French National Authority for Health \u2013 French Federation of\r\n        Nutrition)\r\n      <\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Diagnosis of malnutrition in adults under 70 years of age \u2013 good\r\n        practice recommendation <sup><a href=\"#ref19\">19<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2019<\/td>\r\n      <td>HAS<\/td>\r\n      <td>FFMI<br \/>ASMI<\/td>\r\n      <td>Malnutrition<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Diagnosis of malnutrition in people aged 70 and over\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref18\">18<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2021<\/td>\r\n      <td>HAS<\/td>\r\n      <td>FFMI<br \/>ASMI<\/td>\r\n      <td>Malnutrition<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Adult obesity: 2nd and 3rd level management\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref20\">20<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2022<\/td>\r\n      <td>HAS<\/td>\r\n      <td>FM %<br \/>SMM\/W<\/td>\r\n      <td>Sarcopenic obesity<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <th scope=\"rowgroup\">SPLF (French-Language Society of Pulmonology)<\/th>\r\n      <td>\r\n        Management of COPD \u2013 Good practice recommendation\r\n        <sup><a href=\"#ref21\">21<\/a><\/sup>\r\n      <\/td>\r\n      <td>2009<\/td>\r\n      <td>Revue des Maladies Respiratoires<\/td>\r\n      <td>FFMI<\/td>\r\n      <td>Malnutrition (COPD)<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n  <strong>Note.<\/strong> FFMI = fat-free mass index; ASMI = appendicular\r\n  skeletal muscle mass index; ASMM = appendicular skeletal muscle mass; SMM\/W =\r\n  skeletal muscle mass adjusted for body weight; FM % = fat mass percentage; PhA\r\n  = phase angle; ECW\/TBW = extracellular water to total body water ratio.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p id=\"note-synthese\">\r\n  * This table is an informative synthesis of recommendations published by\r\n  independent learned societies and scientific bodies (GLIM, ESPEN, EWGSOP2,\r\n  HAS, ASPEN, etc.). Aminogram did not participate in the development, funding,\r\n  or validation of these recommendations.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 lang=\"en\">References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n  <li id=\"ref1\">\r\n    Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, G\u00f3mez JM, Heitmann\r\n    BL, Kent-Smith L, Melchior JC, Pirlich M, Scharfetter H, Schols AM, Pichard\r\n    C; Composition of the ESPEN Working Group. Bioelectrical impedance\r\n    analysis--part I: review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr. 2004\r\n    Oct;23(5):1226-43.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.06.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi: 10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.06.004<\/a\r\n    >.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15380917\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PMID: 15380917<\/a\r\n    >.\r\n  <\/li>\r\n  <li id=\"ref2\">\r\n    Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, Deurenberg P, Elia M, Manuel G\u00f3mez J,\r\n    Lilienthal Heitmann B, Kent-Smith L, Melchior JC, Pirlich M, Scharfetter H,\r\n    M W J Schols A, Pichard C; ESPEN. Bioelectrical impedance analysis-part II:\r\n    utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;23(6):1430-53.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.09.012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi: 10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.09.012<\/a\r\n    >.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/15556267\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PMID: 15556267<\/a\r\n    >.\r\n  <\/li>\r\n  <li id=\"ref3\">\r\n    Cederholm T, Jensen GL, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Higashiguchi\r\n    T, Baptista G, Barazzoni R, Blaauw R, Coats A, Crivelli A, Evans DC,\r\n    Gramlich L, Fuchs-Tarlovsky V, Keller H, Llido L, Malone A, Mogensen KM,\r\n    Morley JE, Muscaritoli M, Nyulasi I, Pirlich M, Pisprasert V, de van der\r\n    Schueren MAE, Siltharm S, Singer P, Tappenden K, Velasco N, Waitzberg D,\r\n    Yamwong P, Yu J, Van Gossum A, Compher C; GLIM Core Leadership Committee;\r\n    GLIM Working Group. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition - A\r\n    consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. Clin Nutr.\r\n    2019 Feb;38(1):1-9.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.08.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi: 10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.08.002<\/a\r\n    >. Epub 2018 Sep 3.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30181091\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PMID: 30181091<\/a\r\n    >.\r\n  <\/li>\r\n  <li id=\"ref4\">\r\n    Compher C, Cederholm T, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Higashiguch T, Shi HP,\r\n    Bischoff SC, Boirie Y, Carrasco F, Cruz-Jentoft A, Fuchs-Tarlovsky V,\r\n    Fukushima R, Heymsfield SB, Mourtzakis M, Muscaritoli M, Norman K, Nyulasi\r\n    I, Pisprasert V, Prado CM, de van der Schuren M, Yoshida S, Yu J, Jensen G,\r\n    Barazzoni R. Guidance for assessment of the muscle mass phenotypic criterion\r\n    for the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition diagnosis of\r\n    malnutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022 Aug;46(6):1232-1242.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jpen.2366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi: 10.1002\/jpen.2366<\/a\r\n    >. Epub 2022 Apr 19.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35437785\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PMID: 35437785<\/a\r\n    >.\r\n  <\/li>\r\n  <li id=\"ref5\">\r\n    Jensen GL, Cederholm T, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Pisprasert\r\n    V, Blaauw R, Braz DC, Carrasco F, Cruz Jentoft AJ, Cuerda C, Evans DC,\r\n    Fuchs-Tarlovsky V, Gramlich L, Shi HP, Hasse JM, Hiesmayr M, Hiki N,\r\n    Jager-Wittenaar H, Jahit S, J\u00e1quez A, Keller H, Klek S, Malone A, Mogensen\r\n    KM, Mori N, Mundi M, Muscaritoli M, Ng D, Nyulasi I, Pirlich M, Schneider S,\r\n    de van der Schueren M, Siltharm S, Singer P, Steiber A, Tappenden KA, Yu J,\r\n    van Gossum A, Wang JY, Winkler MF, Compher C, Barazzoni R. GLIM consensus\r\n    approach to diagnosis of malnutrition: A 5-year update. JPEN J Parenter\r\n    Enteral Nutr. 2025 May;49(4):414-427.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jpen.2756\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi: 10.1002\/jpen.2756<\/a\r\n    >. Epub 2025 Apr 14.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40223699\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PMID: 40223699<\/a\r\n    >; PMCID: PMC12053077.\r\n  <\/li>\r\n  <li id=\"ref6\">\r\n    Cederholm T, Bosaeus I, Barazzoni R, Bauer J, Van Gossum A, Klek S,\r\n    Muscaritoli M, Nyulasi I, Ockenga J, Schneider SM, de van der Schueren MA,\r\n    Singer P. Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition - An ESPEN Consensus\r\n    Statement. Clin Nutr. 2015 Jun;34(3):335-40.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.03.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi: 10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.03.001<\/a\r\n    >. Epub 2015 Mar 9.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25799486\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">PMID: 25799486<\/a\r\n    >.\r\n  <\/li>\r\n  <li id=\"ref7\">\r\n    Cederholm T, Barazzoni R, Austin P, Ballmer P, Biolo G, Bischoff SC, Compher\r\n    C, Correia I, Higashiguchi T, Holst M, Jensen GL, Malone A, Muscaritoli M,\r\n    Nyulasi I, Pirlich M, Rothenberg E, Schindler K, Schneider SM, de van der\r\n    Schueren MA, Sieber C, Valentini L, Yu JC, Van Gossum A, Singer P. ESPEN\r\n    guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr.\r\n    2017 Feb;36(1):49-64.\r\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">doi: 10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.09.004<\/a\r\n    >. 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